How long can certain bacterial spores survive without water or nutrients?

Certain bacterial spores, particularly those produced by species such as Bacillus and Clostridium, can enter a dormant state in response to adverse environmental conditions, including a lack of water or nutrients. During this sporulation process, bacteria form spores that are encased in a tough protective coat, significantly enhancing their resilience.

These spores can survive for an impressive duration, often lasting several years under unfavorable conditions. This ability to remain viable without water or nutrients is crucial for the survival of bacteria in extreme environments. Factors such as temperature, pH, and exposure to radiation do affect spore longevity, but many spores can remain dormant and viable for decades, underscoring their remarkable survival strategy.

In contrast, the other options imply much shorter durations, which do not reflect the extensive life span of bacterial spores in a dormant state.